California Tech v. 116:22, May 6, 2013

The California Tech VOLUME CXVI NUMBER 22 PASADENA, CALIFORNIA TECH.CALTECH.EDU tech@caltech.edu MAY 6, 2013 Tech scientists make black hole discovery MARCUS WOO Caltech Science Writer When a massive star exhausts its fuel, it collapses under its own gravity and produces a black hole, an object so dense that not even light can escape its gravitational grip. According to a new analysis by an astrophysicist at Caltech, just before the black hole forms, the dying star may generate a distinct burst of light that will allow astronomers to witness the birth of a new black hole for the first time. Tony Piro, a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech, describes this signature light burst in a paper published in the May 1 issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters. While some dying stars that result in black holes explode as gamma-ray bursts, which are among the most energetic phenomena in the universe, those cases are rare, requiring exotic circumstances, Piro explains. "We don't think most run-of-the-mill black holes are created that way." In most cases, according to one hypothesis, a dying star produces a black hole without a bang or a flash: the star would seemingly vanish from the sky-an event dubbed an unnova. "You don't see a burst," he says. "You see a disappearance." But, Piro hypothesizes, that may A computer-generated image of the light distortions created by a black hole. not be the case. "Maybe they're not as boring as we thought," he says. In t his issue According to well-established theory, when a massive star dies, its core collapses under its own weight.As it collapses, the protons and electrons that make up the core merge and produce neutrons. For a few seconds-before it ultimately collapses into a black hole-the core becomes an extremely dense object called a neutron star, which is as dense as the sun would be if squeezed into a sphere with a radius of about 10 kilometers (roughly 6 miles). a tenth of the sun's mass (since energy and mass are equivalent, per E = mc2). According to a little-known paper written in 1980 by Dmitry Nadezhin of the Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Russia, this rapid loss of mass means that the gravitational strength of the dying star's core would abruptly drop. When that happens, the outer gaseous layers—mainly hydrogen— still surrounding the core would rush outward generating a shock wave that would hurtle through the outer layers at about 1,000 kilometers per second (more than 2 million miles per hour) Using computer simulations, two astronomers at UC Santa Cruz, Elizabeth Lovegrove and Stan Woosley, recently found that when the shock wave strikes the outer surface of the gaseous layers, it would heat the gas at the surface, producing a glow that would shine for about a year—a potentially promising signal of a black-hole birth. Although about a million times brighter than - Alain Riazuelo, IAP/UPMC/CNRS the sun, this glow would be relatively dim compared to other stars. "It would be This collapsing process also creates neutrinos, which hard to see, even in galaxies that are are relatively close to us," says Piro. particles that zip through almost But now Piro says he has found all matter at nearly the speed of light. a more promising signal. As the neutrinos stream out from the core, they carry away a lot of energy-representing about Continued on Page 3 NEWS Black hole discovery News briefs from around the globe Helping readers burst out of the Caltech bubble OPINION Miceala weighs in on "Makers" FEATURE Carpenter wows LA audience SPORTS Tennis teams finish season Need to know < 100 words about the world this week - topics sorted from good to bad by The Tech Eds Solar plane takes flight 20 hours in the air, the Solar Impulse flew only on solar power [BBC] Economy adds jobs 165,000 jobs, more than were predicted, were created in April [CNN] War fort found in Georgia 234-year-old Carr's Fort from Revolutionary War was uncovered [ABC] New Dutch king crowned 46-year-old Dutch King Willem-Alexander is Europe's youngest king (TIME) Wildfires burn in CA 28,000-acre fire in Ventura County is burning since Thursday [CNN) SARS-like Virus emerges Z cases of a SARS-related virus were reported in Saudi Arabia (TIME] Deadliest month in Iraq 712 people killed in April, Iraq's deadliest month since June 2009 [TIME] NEWS 2 MAY 6, 2013 Food with Mannion! Do you like eating food? How about free food at nice restaurants? Ever want to tell the world exactly what you think of said food? The Tech will be beginning a new column to chronicle the foodie experiences of new writers every other week... The Catch: They'll be going head-to-head with Tom Mannion who will be reviewing the same restau-rant. If you have ever thought you were more of a gourmand than our resident master chef, now's your chance to prove it! Email us for a spot on the list at tech@caltech.edu THE CALIFORNIA TECH ASCIT Minutes Minutes for April 29th, 2013. Taken by Allika Walvekar The California Tech Caltech 40-58, Pasadena, CA 91125 advertising e-mail: business@caltech.edu editorial e-mall: tech@caltech.edu Editors-in-Chief Jonathan Schor Stanford Schor News Editor Sandhya Chandrasekaran Sports Editor Ámol Kamat unding Requests: ASCIT granted the all male acappella group, I etones, $300 to buy sheet music. ASCIT also funded Caltech Y's request $500 for the annual Health Fair. Call to Order: 10:06pm President's Report (Diego / Zach): This year's leadership conference was not well attended. This is most likely due to several class trips scheduled the same day and the current tensions between the students and admins. In the future, Caltech should avoid planning the leadership conference when so many people ( Esp. freshman and sophomores) are away. ASCIT and IC will work to make sure this does not happen again. That aside, the sessions that were offered seemed to be useful to a wide range of leadership roles. This type of diversity should be carried over to next year's Leadership Conference when we have more ASCIT secretary signups will be posted on Tuesday morning. Any and all interested should sign up. The town hall meeting for opinions on the Presidential Search is coming up The charter for the Honor Code Committee will be sent out by email by Tuesday with information about how people will be able to sign up. Write articles for the Tech Staff Moriah Bischann Nina Budaeva Mavika verma Circulation Manage Michael Paluchnia Advisor Richard Kipling Institute of lechnology. Inc. The ovinion: expressed herein are strictv those of the authors and advertisers Leuers and submissions are welcome e-mail submissions to tech@caltech.edu as plain-text author's name, by Friday of the week be fore publication. Ine Tech aoes accep anonymous controution under special V.P. of Academic Affairs (ARC Chair: Pushpa): The ARC is currently going through the nominations for ASCIT Teaching awards which will be held on Thursday May 23rd. They are in the process of contacting TAs and professors. Pushpa emailed Ray for the final report on the Honor Code Survey, and hopes to hear back from him shortly. Pushpa is still working on communicating with Betsy Mitchell and Cassandra regarding undergraduate satisfaction with PE classes. The next SFL will be held on May 14th V.P. of Non-Academic Affairs (IHC Chair: Connor): The IC has been working on the terms regarding Ricketts's participation in Rotation. Once that policy is finalized, Connor will send an announcement through the presidents or ug-spam. Committee chair sign ups have gone down for the first round of appointments. The next round of appointments will be faculty student representatives, which will go up in a few weeks. Director of Operations (Mario): If you are a club that would like to be represented at future Club Fairs, then please submit the paperwork found at clubs.caltech.edu, so that you can be included. Blacker collected their lights. Mario is working on securing the microphone stand. Treasurer (Puikei): Puikei reimbursed checks to BoD members. She would like to remind everyone that the Take A Professor to Lunch program is still active. Feel free to email her with questions and requests Social Director (Michelle): Upcoming Events: Rathskellar (Week 6), Ruddock Frosh Party (Week 6), BFP (Week 8), Europarty (Week 9 - June 1st) ASCIT Movie Night will probably be moved to a later date in the term so that students can choose between Iron Man 3 and Star Trek. The current tentative date is May 25th. get paid up to $30 ionsation, please send mail to "Subscrip- anyone has any questions or concerns about a section of the minut lease email the appropriate officer. We are happy to answer any questio Meeting Adjourned: 11:15 THE CALIFORNIA TECH NEWS MaY 6.2013 3 New kind of cosmic flash may reveal black hole birth Continued from Page 1 we're going to start getting worried if we don't find In his new study, he examines in more detail what might happen at the moment when the shock wave hits the star's surface, and he calculates that the impact itself would make a flash 10 to 100 times brighter than the glow predicted by Lovegrove and Woosley. "That flash is going to be very bright, and it gives us the best chance for actually observing that this event occurred," Piro explains. "This is what you really want to look for." Such a flash would be dim compared to exploding stars called supernovae, for example, but it would be luminous enough to be these things." But for now, he says, his expectations are perfectly sound. With Piro's analysis in hand, astronomers should be able to design and fine-tune additional surveys to maximize their chances of witnessing a black-hole birth in the near future. In 2015, the next generation of PTF, called the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), is slated to begin; it will be even more sensitive, improving by several times the chances of finding those flashes. "Caltech is therefore 66 Within the next decade, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will begin a massive survey of the entire night sky. detectable in nearby galaxies, he says. The flash, which would shine for 3 to 10 days before fading, would be very brightin optical wavelengths— andatitsverybrightestinultraviolet wavelengths. Piro estimates that astronomers should be able to see one of these events per year on average. Surveys that watch the skies for flashes of light like supernovae—surveys such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), led by Caltech-are well suited to discover these unique events, he says. The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF), which improves on the PTF and just began surveying in February, may be able to find a couple of these events per year. Neither survey has observed any black-hole flashes as of yet, says Piro, but that does not rule out their existence. "Eventually 99 really well-positioned to look for transient events like this, Piro says. Within the next decade, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will begin massive survey of the entire night sky. "If LSST isn't regularly seeing these kinds of events, then that's going to tell us that maybe theres something wrong with this picture, or that black-hole formation much rarer than we thought," he says. The Astrophysical Journal Letters paper is titled "Taking the 'un' out of unnovae." This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Sherman Fairchild Foundation. SCIEN CHOWARIS We are looking for undergraduate students to be mentors for a middle school summer camp on campus from August 5-9th. This year, our activities include working with Lego Mindstorm Robot kits. Interested? Shoot an email to caltech@innoworks.org! Join the conversation! The new Caltech opinion journal, The Hamiltonian, is looking for writers to contribute articles on topics in science, technology, politics, economics, philosophy, history, social issues, foreign policy, and local events.* Undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and staff are all invited to participate. We are looking for writers committed to defending and exploring their views in accordance with the rigorous intellectual standards that make Caltech so unique. For more information, contact us by e-mail at hamiltonian@caltech.edu *Serial commas appreciated, but not required. 4 MAY 6,2013 OPINION THE CALIFORNIA TECH The Irreverent Review: Makers: The New Industrial Revolution by Chris Anderson MICEALA SHOCKLEE the excitement of a sugar-hyped itself proof of the powerful Contributing Writer child at Disneyland to the plastic products the human brain creatures birthed through the is capable of generating. Technology. DIY. Cool shit. That is what the Maker is all about. mechanical vaginas of 3-D printers Though it is clear from and the growing population of new the beginning that Chris Frankensteins (more commonly Anderson has strons opinions about the way that industry 66 does and should work, his book is so refreshingly Anderson proposes his own prototype for the global Maker market to come, pointing with all the excitement of a sugar-hyped child at Disneyland to the plastic creatures birthed through the mechanical vaginas of 3-D printers and the growing population of new Frankensteins. resonant with Techer life, MAKERS generally socially relevant, and written in prose sO relishable could be it a hot dog condiment, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution earns itself five out of five stars. It is also what DIY Drones CEO Chris Anderson's aptly named book, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution is all about. Part history and part projection, Anderson's book sleuths its way through the story of how the "Web generation" met the real world. Anderson proposes his own prototype for the global Maker market to come, pointing with all known as biohackers, or members of the DIYbio movement). Complete with an appendix on how to use CNC machines and the other shiny toys-excuse me, tools-typically found, complete with shrine and slaves, in the makerspaces that breeding their way across the nation with the speed of bunnies on crack, Chris Anderson's latest book is in 99 Interestedinthe Maker life? Get involved in the Los Angles scene through lamakerspace. THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Published something? Inquire about beingfeatured in the Irreverent Review! Contact Miceala Shocklee at mshockle@caltech.edu CHRIS ANDERSON Author of the bestseller TheLong Tal - courtesy of Miceala Shocklee USCMarshall School of Busines Make Your Summer Count California Institute of Technology Employee Home Buyer Rebate Program Purchase a property using Lucent Properties and receive a 20% REBATE at the close of escrow! Example: Purchase Price $500,000 x 3% Buyer Side Agent Commission*= $15,000 x 20% Lucent Properties Rebate = $3,000 to Caltech Employees, Friends & Family Four-Week Business Program Just for Non-Business Majors You purchase a home for $500,000 USC Marshall School of Businessintensive 6% Commission Included 4-week Summer Business Program gives students an edge in today's competitive job market. 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SESSION DATES: July 8 - August 2 THE CALIFORNIA TECH FEATURE MAY 6. 2013 5 Cameron Carpenter delivers stunning performance at the LA Philharmonic CASEY HANDMER musical theme, and recited Walt Contributing Writer Whitman poem 68: Sometimes with one I love. Last year I wrote with extreme I fill myself with rage, for fear I enthusiasm about the LA Phil effuse unreturn'd love; debut of American organist But now I think there is Cameron Carpenter. So it was no unreturn'd love - the pay is with substantial excitement that I certain, one way or another; anticipated his recital the following (I loved a certain person yeal. ardently, and my love was not As is his custom, Cameron did return'd; not publicise the evening's program Yet out of that, I have written in advance. Instead he gave a these songs.) preshow talk until three minutes After such a musical treat the before the start, despite having audience demanded no fewer pulled an all-nighter. The question than a dozen curtain calls, and and answer session revealed a received two encores, including a deep musical insight and carefully transcription of Chopin's Minute considered positions, elaborating Waltz, showcasing Cameron's briefly on the innovations of Hope- extreme ability to play with his Jones in the 1920s, the errors of Virgil Fox, and feet. During the first encore, an the extent to 000000 error with preset registrations which Marc-Andre Hamelin is the had the organ go silent for a perfect embodiment of Toscanini's 900009 stanza. unachieved ideal, the delivery of Without skipping a beat he the text. continued to play, giving a rare He also spoke at length about insight into theclicksandclacks of the debut of the digital organ in the organ console, and providing early 2014, a decade long project a (hopefully intentional) drop of his to provide for the organ between cascades of rich sound. what has long been considered Overall, the audience and I normal for all other instruments attended with varied but high - a standardized yet infinitely customizable interface and tonal expectations. None were left - cbsnews.com disappointed. palette. Cameron began with the Prelude from the Back Cello Suite No. 1 in G major, building on the theme with inversions and interpolations of his own. He followed this immediately with the Bach Fantasia and Fugue in G minor (BWV 542, not 578). The fugue in particular drove relentlessly, interweaving its many voices with equal consistency despite a much wider variation in registration than might traditionally be employed. Following this Cameron played for us his organ transcription of Isaac Albeniz Evocación from his Iberia suite. I saw this as a possible nod to Hamelin's extraordinary recording of the suite in 2005, although the piece certainly plays well on the organ. In some ways the organ swaps limitations in tone for limitations in touch, but in no way loses its poetic ability. Cameron then asked us to join him for a pseudo-intellectual moment as he explained what he meant by the organ being an irony-free instrument. As a result, the performer must give back what the machine itself lacks, in particular, "... sensuality, which the organ can give us in spades, in direct defiance of all that is sacred and holy." From this he segued to a discussion of Marcel Dupre, one of the most significant composers and organists of the 20th century. "Behindhisbourgeoishigh-collared facade lurked a schizophrenic fashion show of musical personalities." To illustrate this he performed Dupres Variations on Noel, in which the basic medieval carol melody is sliced, diced, and examined from every angle. He rounded out the first halfwith his transcription of Richard Rogers' score for George Balachine's ballet Slaughter on 10th Avenue, featured in the 1936 Broadway musical comedy On Your Toes. Featuring a superb collage of evocative period music, the piece is defined by the presence of a soft, simple melody at its core underscoring the central tragedy of the work. The second half began with a transcription of the highly recognizable Scherzo from Tchaikovsky'sthsymphony,apiece perfectly suited to performance on the organ. Cameron followed this with a discussion of the music and life of Charles Ives, a composer who lived and worked in near-total isolation. As a result, his music is still original today. In Cameron's words "... still totally avant garde. It's not even in the garde..." He introduced the next piece as the 3rd movement from the Concord Sonata, a piece that's nearly 100 years old. The sonatas movements are entitled Emerson, Hawthorne, The Alcotts, and Thoreau, after the principle Transcendentalists that formed the center of the movement into which the piece was composed. Following this generous introduction, he duly dispatched the very musically interesting piece, complete with the "most sycophantically stereotypic church organ sound [Cameron] can muster" for the snippet of Here Comes The Bride. Next up Cameron sought to honour the spirit of Brooklyn (about which his previous performances on that stage this week had been) by performing an improvisation on theme generated by translating the letters b, r, o, o, etc onto the keyboard. But first he was careful define improvisation as "the performance of a work of music which has not yet been notated and rehearsed and will not be heard again, which is not the sale as making up as you go along." He also told us hed draw on George Gershwin and Lou Reed as he progressed. He took a break i 1 1 0 4 1 C that the third movement would have poetic rather than a KING of the NERDS Calling all Nerds & Geeks to showcase your skills and personality for a chance to win $100,000! nOW CASTING Casting intellectual and competitive men and women. Whether you're passionate in academics, science, robotics, fandoms, cos-play, comics, mathematics, engineering, computer science or sci-fi... Apply Today! Include name, age, photo, academic accolades, and a brief bio about why you are the most ingenious nerd or geek to live! Must be at least 18 years old EMAIL KINGOFTHENERDSCASTING@GMAIL.COM 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 129 30 31 32 33 134 35 36 137 38 139 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 43 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 MAY 6, 2013 FEATURE THE CALIFORNIA TECH Today's Puzzle: Crossword (It's correct, Andy, I promis [http://www.puzzlechoice.com/] Across 54. Part of a plant 20. Triple world 55. Everything heavyweight champion, 1. Mountain top 56. 5. In favor of Country the Muhammad Pacific, Arctic 23. Make amends for 8. Combustible material and Atlantic 24. Lodges 12. Two 59. Australian flightless 27. Live in a tent 13. Optical device bird 28. Sport played on 15. Small island 62. Roald Amundsen got horseback 16. Colorado ski resort there first 30. All assets and 17. Unharmed 64. South American liabilities 19. First note of a major mountain chain 31. Constrictor scale 66. Within 33. Friend 20. Abaft 67. Additional 34. Excited 21. Thin-shelled object 68. Pretext 36. Emergency services 22. Method of transport 69. Visionary 25. Sum up 70. Sever professional 37. Affirm 26. Cereal grass 71. Engrave 38. Arm of the Indian 27. Felines are fond of this Ocean, Sea herb Down 41. Meat skewer 29. Prevarication 43. Abrasion 31. State capital, 1. Cuban currency 46. Every one Rouge 2. Asian river 48. Country, initially 32. Gemstone 3. Expert 49. Fertile part of a 35. Box Knowledge or desert 39. Portents understanding 50. Unaccompanied 40. Fall behind 5. Arithmetic operation 51. Musical instrument 41. Musical notation 6. Let for money 53. Small hill 42. Part of a church 7. Beginning 57. In addition 43. Song for one 8. Healthy 58. Far down 44. Whittled 9. Guide 60. Net 45. Part of a minute, in 10. Lament 61. Employ short 11. Shelf 63. High rocky hill 47. Stringed instrument 12. Father 64. Grow older 49. Lout 14. Rolled up document 65. Hard-shelled seed 52. Biblical boat 18. Not in favor Caltech Public Events is now hiring student ushers. $15 per hour to work concerts, performances, lectures, films and parties. No experience needed, no hard labor, flexible schedules. *Requirements: Caltech student, Positive attitude, Friendly personality To apply email Adam Jacobo (ajacobo@caltech.edu) or call (626) 395-5907 For info on Caltech Public Events visit: www.caltech. edu/content/public-events THE CALIFORNIA TECH SPORTS Five athletes compete at Occidental Invitational MAY 6, 2013 7 Scoreboard April 30: Baseball us Chapman L, 15-1 May 3: Women's Tennis Us Whither L, 5-4 Us CMS L, 5-0 Yet again, Paige Logan shows off her dance moves after breaking her own school record in shot put. We're not actually sure what this one is called, but we're sure it's gonna catch on. GOCALTECH.COM The Real Sports Editor Five Caltech track and field athletes participated in one of the largest track and field events in the southern California region on Saturday afternoon. The Occidental Invitational featured well Ovel 1,000 participants from nearly 75 different organizations. Highlighting the meet for Caltech was Paige Logan's effort in the shot put. For the fourth time this season she re-set her own school record. Her top throw on the afternoon of 41' 9 3/4" was nearly two-feet farther than her previous school mark. Stephanie Reynolds ran the 1500 meter race in 4:54.54 which was the third fastest time among competitors from NCAA Division IlI schools. Also competing in a distance race was Juliette Becker. -gocaltech.com The junior ran the 3000 meter steeplechase in 12:15.48. Sarah Wright competed in the 100 meter hurdle race in 16.27. The senior has one meet left in her Beaver career when she participated in the CMS multi-duals next weekend. Eric Martin toed the line in the 800 meter race and his time of 1:57.81 was the fifth best mark among NCAA Division III schools. May 3: Men's Tennis us Whittier L, 8-1 Us CMS L, 5-0 Beavers close solid year at SCIAC Championships GOCALTECH.COM The Real Sports Editor The Caltech women's tennis season came to a close at the 2013 SCIAC Championships hosted by the La Verne. The event brought to a close one of the more successful seasons in recent memory for the Beavers. Caltech started the championships against top seeded, and the nation's No. 2 team, ClaremontMuddScripps. The Athenas won the match 6-0. The defending champions dropped just three games during doubles play then clinched the match with straight sets wins at the No. 4-No. 6 singles positions. Playing in the consolation semifinals the Beavers nearly upset Whittier but the Poets prevailed 5-4. In what proved to be a pivotal difference in the match, the fifth seed Poets took two of the three doubles matches. Caltech's top team of Rebekah Kitto and Monica Li won 8-3 as the team's headed into singles play. Senior Stephanie Kwan, seconds before she caught the ball, dropped it at her feet, said "Game" to her opponent, and walked off the court drip- -gocaltecn.com Whittier's way as they pulled out their final match of the season 6-3 against the seventh seed. three matches as Kitto, Li and Stephanie Kwan all won in straight The trio combined to drop just championships without a win as the exacted a measure of revenge they won two of the three doubles No. 2 spot.Caltech continued that winning trend into singles play. Kitto cruised in her match at the No. 1 spot 6-0, 6-3 while Li pulled out a 7-6, 7-5 win at the No. 2 at the No. 5 and No. 6 spots respectively to seal the win in the seventh place match. The Beavers prevailed in seven matches during the year; three of which during SCIAC play. Both win totals are the most for a Caltech squad at the No. 4-No.6 matches went in the year 5-4, the Beavers won top spot while Kwan and Jessica Yu teamed up for a victory at the each recorded straight sets wins THE CALIFORNIA TECH BoNus XWORD! MAY 6, 2013 We goofed on last week's puzzle, but hopefully this makes up for it! 12 15 18 22 30 38 41 56 61 66 69 31 46 57 13 16 19 23 27 32 33 42 47 50 58 62 63 [http://www.puzzlechoice.com/] 134 39 43 69 64 67 70 35 51 6 28 52 20 24 44 48 14 17 25 36 49 26 40 45 65 68 71 ! 21 53 60 10 111 29 37 54 55 Across 50. Water jug 51. Ripped 1. Lower part of a skull 53. Gremlin 4. Small viper 56. Skill 7. Globe 58. Polish composer 12. Couch Frederic 13. Poker stake 60. Observe 14. Farewell remark 61. Bind 15. Canoe stabilizer 64. Worldwide 17. French artist 1834 66. Drama set to music -1917, Edgar_ 67. telephone 18. Beer connection 19. English composer 68. Female relative 1862 - 1934, Frederick 69. Sometimes given 21. Frequently for thoughts 22. For each 70. Expert 23. Form of security 71. Obtain 24. Bucket 27. Affirmative Down 28. Composer famous for his Water 1.Unit of electical Music energy 30. Salvage 2. Later 38. Vet African country & Armed conlicte of 36. Giant 38. Biblical brother obtuse 39. Spoil 5. Beer mug 40. Film director, 6. Lima is the capital Preminger 7. Batch 41. Stringed instrument 8. Type of Poem 43. Is obliged to pay 9. Opera by Giuseppe 45. A mix of boys and Verdi girls, in short 10. Part of a tree or 46. Bohemian composer, book Antonin Leopold 1. Fine particl 48. Attempt 2. As seen on T' 13. Type of discrimination 16. Not working 20. Health resort near a spring 25. Insect 26. Foolish conduct 27. Color 28. Charter 29. Tardy 30. Pouch 31. Lying i 32. Type of fabri 34. Berserk 35. Body of rules 37. Indicate assent Metal-bearing mineral 44. Attempt with effort 47. Part of a circle 49. First name of philosopher, Descartes 51. Bracer 52. Speak up 53. Publish 54. Intended 55. Fur 56. At the peak 57. Mature 59. Polynesian dance 62. Large vase 63. Salary 65. Type of music, usually for piano For more photos, videos, and archives of previous issues, check out the Tech website! tech.caltech.edu The California Tech Caltech 40-58 Pasadena, CA 91125